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March 2010

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Sing, O Gods, A Runner Ripped Off!

De-bunking the myth of the first marathon

Next to Oprah, it could be argued that Pheidippides is the most famous long distance runner in pop culture. He’s definitely the most shortchanged. The common misunderstanding of Pheidippides’ story is that he was an ancient Athenian messenger sent roughly 25 miles from Marathon to Athens to announce the Greek triumph over the invading Persians.  Upon delivering his message, he promptly dropped dead. This is the heroic tale told in Robert Browning’s 1879 poem Pheidippides, which inspired modern Olympic revivalists Pierre de Coubertin and Michel Breal to include a 25 mile endurance run in the 1896 Games. (The distance wasn’t standardized at 26.2 miles until 1924.)

While this story can be thanked for the wonderful endurance test undertaken by millions of recreational runners today, it is almost certainly untrue. The foremost authority on the Greco-Persian Wars, the Greek historian Herodotus, writes in The Histories that since Athens had been left undefended, most of the victorious Athenian army itself headed home from Marathon immediately... a march of less than one day. Herodotus makes no mention of a messenger being sent on ahead of the army. The earliest account of such a messenger is found in Plutarch’s On The Glory Of Athens, where this runner is named Thersippus. However, Plutarch’s information must be taken with a grain of salt, as he is relating a story that is by then five centuries old, whereas Herodotus wrote The Histories only decades after the events occurred. Indeed, no credible accounts of the Battle Of Marathon make mention of Pheidippides, and there is no reason to believe he was ever there.

So the legendary Marathon to Athens jog probably never happened, and if it did, it wasn’t run by Pheidippides. Which is just as well, as he deserved a rest after the far more epic run he did endure. According to Herodotus, Pheidippides was an Athenian messenger and a distance runner of some fame. In the su200x300_MarathonMyth.jpgmer of 490 BC, Athenian generals sent him to Sparta to request military support against the invading Persians. Herodotus says he arrived in Sparta the day after being dispatched, having covered  an astounding 246km. For reasons of politics or religion, the Spartans declined to join the fight until the next full moon. So Pheidippides duly turned around and beat the 246km back home with that message.

The good news is the Athenians held off the Persian invasion at Marathon and won history’s first battle of global significance. The bad news is that a case of muddied history has meant that most of the modern running community is shafting Pheidippides out of 91% of his mileage! (Think of that the next time a runner complains to a race director over a GPS reading of 42.3km.) Four hundred and ninety two kilometres, and Herodotus makes no mention of Carb BOOM. What does a guy have to do to get a little respect?

Luckily for our hero, some hearty souls have endeavoured to bring together the worlds of historical accuracy and sports lunacy. In 1982, British RAF Wing Commander John Foden and four buddies wondered if Pheidippides’ legendary run was even plausible. They painstakingly researched the historical Athens to Sparta route, and set out to run it. Much to their surprise and exhaustion, three of them were indeed able to cover the distance in under 40 hours. The next year, a formal race was organized and it has been contested every year since. The Spartathlon has grown to be acknowledged as the world’s most gruelling footrace, where such ultramarathon luminaries as Yannis Kouros, Jens Lukas and Scott Jurek have cemented their own legends by retracing the steps of Pheidippides. Still, it’s a shame the man himself didn’t have a better publicist.


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